Madagascar’s isolation has led to the evolution of remarkable endemic species. The fossa, a cat-like predator, is the island’s top carnivore and can be found in Kirindy Forest. Other unique mammals include the tenrec, a hedgehog-like creature, and the aye-aye, a nocturnal lemur with a long, skeletal finger used to extract insects from trees.

With more than 260 bird species, Madagascar is a birdwatcher’s paradise. Many species, such as the ground rollers and asities, are found nowhere else. Other rare birds include the Madagascar fish eagle, the critically endangered Madagascar pochard, brightly coloured vangas and the crested coua. Wetlands and mangroves support wading birds like herons and flamingos, while the coastal areas attract seabirds. The waters around Madagascar are teeming with marine life. Coral reefs are home to vibrant fish, sea turtles, and reef sharks. Between July and September, humpback whales migrate to the island’s warm waters to breed and calve, offering unforgettable whale-watching opportunities.

Madagascar’s wildlife faces significant threats from deforestation, habitat loss, and climate change. However, conservation efforts are helping protect its unique species. Parks like Andasibe-Mantadia and reserves such as Anja Community Reserve demonstrate the power of community-driven conservation. Organisations across the island work tirelessly to safeguard species like the Indri and the critically endangered ploughshare tortoise.

Forests and flora

Madagascar’s forests are as diverse as its wildlife. Rainforests like those in Ranomafana and Masoala National Parks are hotspots for biodiversity, while the spiny forests of the south, dominated by surreal, cactus-like plants, are found nowhere else on Earth. The iconic baobab trees, often called “upside-down trees,” create otherworldly landscapes in places like the Avenue of the Baobabs near Morondava. Madagascar is also home to an incredible variety of orchids, many of which are endemic.

Unique habitats

Madagascar’s unique habitats range from lush rainforests to arid deserts and pristine beaches. The Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, features dramatic limestone formations and is home to species adapted to this unusual terrain.

Madagascar’s wildlife experience stands out for its focus on endemic species and intimate encounters. Walking through the rainforest to spot lemurs, snorkelling over vibrant coral reefs, or exploring the spiny forests under a sky dotted with baobabs all create an unparalleled sense of connection to nature.

The island also offers cultural ties to its wildlife. Many local communities hold traditional beliefs about certain animals, such as the sacred status of lemurs, adding a fascinating layer to the experience.